Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Questions - Essay Example It cannot be described as sufficient in order to generate or even create changes with the impact that it has. As GREAT DOCS, eGov is just but the use of modern information as well as communication technologies that exists in public organizations with a bid to support or even redefine the existing or even future relations with key stakeholders in the external and internal environment and creating value. eGov might very useful when it comes to the formation of GREAT DOCS plans, actions and programs. This is because the eGOv will provide lines of creating ways in which there can be improvement of government efficiency as well as effectiveness. Further, there will be actions and programs that will be centered towards back office consolidations, the reduction of the number of duplicative systems as well as the general streamlining of the processes that exist in the government. This will give GREAT DOCS a head start as it will find it easier interacting with the government when it comes to the arranging of programs, actions and plans. Further, from a GREAT DOCS perspective, the time that is spend on the identification as well as the access to relevant information in regards to benefit programs that match GREAT DOCS specific needs is also catered for. eGov allows the local government or even the social service caseworkers to effectively identify as well as match alternative programs which can be said to stick to individual specific needs. Therefore, there is a need for the future CIO to take in mind the risks that come with eGOv, however, there is always a need to ensure that the company is strategically placed in terms of eGOv. This is because the GREAT DOCS initiative will sometimes need the intervention of eGOv and consequently there is a need for the future CIO to have a positive attitude with the initiative. (a) There are several goals and objectives that the government has when it comes to driving the process that is required in Capital planning

David Blunkett and the tightening of asylum entry rules Essay Example for Free

David Blunkett and the tightening of asylum entry rules Essay There has been a lot of publicity surrounding the general issue of Asylum Seekers, with reports of clashes between Asylum Seekers and members of the host community seeming to be a frequent occurrence. The question of the number of asylum seekers allowed entry into the UK has been at the centre of a longstanding debate for some time. However, it hasnt been up until recently that labour government has decided to take action in order to control the escalating amount of asylum seekers in the country. Therefore, it will be these new measures taken by he home secretary that were announced earlier this week following the asylum amnesty that will be analysed. In order to understand why the government is so eager to control the influx of refugees it is necessary to look at the evidence. According to home office statistics there were approximately 10,588 applications for asylum in the UK in the second quarter of 2003. The top five applicant countries were Somalia, Zimbabwe, China, India and Pakistan. Also in 2002 the UK received most applications of asylum than any of the other western countries with 24%. It is these statistics and media coverage around the arrival of asylum seekers that heighten grwoing tensions and hostility towards asylum seekers. Media coverage of asylum seekers can be blamed for fuelling hostility towards the seekers therefore the media coverage of the new reforms and how they are presented to the general public will be analysed. David Blunketts new measures to toughen up the asylum system were unveiled earlier this week. It was announced that asylum seekers could go to prison for up to two years if they destroy their passports or travel documents on the way to Britain. It is thought that this would make claiming refugee status more difficult if the refugee doesnt hold the correct papers. Not only is the home secretary taking direct action with the asylum seekers plans have also been revealed to target unscrupulous and unqualified legal advisors in Britain who encourage asylum seekers to make unwarranted appeals. Some would argue that the number of asylum seekers allowed into the country needs to be controlled. Members of the host country in particular can be hostile towards the asylum seekers. This is because asylum seekers are seen as taking advantage of the benefits provided by the country. This includes the NHS, subsidised housing. As asylum seekers are not entitled to work this can often lead to their reliance on the basic benefits at the expense of the tax payers and again this heightens hostility between the two groups. Likewise, memners of the host country tend to be worried in terms of cultural aspects The new reforms have attracted much media coverage. According to the Independent (28th October) the new measures can be seen as a success for British asylum policies. According to the article the home secretary, has succeeded through administrative stealth, in something few would have thought possible. The article continues to argue that despite the new measures the UK will remain faithful to the legal obligations of obligations of the1951 UN convention. The convention formally defined a refugee as a a well fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion. However, it can be argued that as the UK is presenting obstacles in the way of asylum can they really promote themselves as a liberal and democratically free country? This is the argument taken by Theodore Dalrrymple.

The Devil as Iago in Shakespeare’s Othello Essay -- GCSE Coursework Sh

The Devil as Iago in Shakespeare’s Othello    One question that has often been debated amongst literary scholars is what could have motivated Iago to set off such a chain of events which accumulated in the horrific amount of death and tragic consequences that occur in William Shakespeare’s play Othello. On the surface, one could artificially assume that Iago was spurred by two reasons to carry out such a malicious and inhumane plan. His anger of being passed over for lieutenantship by Othello in favor of Cassio, coupled with his inclinations that his wife has slept with Othello, drives Iago to partake in dangerous and seemingly insurmountable actions in order to climb up the social ladder and exact revenge on Othello. Chief proponents of this belief that Iago was solely motivated by these two factors would argue that he was simply a Machiavellian-inspired villain who took action only in the devised betterment of himself and his current status. However, when one delves into Iago’s unholy actions and intentions on a deeper level, it is clear that a metaphysical element exists in his character that when revealed is utterly haunting and truly horrific. A more penetrating analysis of Iago shows that he is not only the embodiment of evil but that he is in fact the Devil himself, who is set on destroying everything that is good in the lives of Othello’s characters. A main underlying theme that resides in Othello is Shakespeare’s constant usage of outward appearance as opposed to reality. It is Iago, who in the opening act of the play, makes this clearly obvious to the audience stating "I am not what I am"(1.1.65). Although it is not yet revealed to the audience who Iago really is (i.e. the Devil), this statement is a direct rev... ...o: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p.: Random House, 1986. Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Muir, Kenneth. Introduction. William Shakespeare: Othello. New York: Penguin Books, 1968. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p.: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957

Lord Of The Flies: Chapter 8 Notes :: essays research papers

1. The conch being inexpertly blown and the fact that Piggy has only one lens shows that society has begun to function poorly. The reason for this decline in society is Jack. Jack broke Piggy's lens, and now Jack who has power, represented by the conch, does not know how to blow it properly. This tells us that Jack is an inept leader who misuses power and destroys knowledge. To become an expert at something, such as blowing a conch or leading a society takes time, so this is also significant because it shows that Jack has just recently come to power. Because the conch and Piggy's glasses are crippled, knowledge and power are crippled, but not yet fully eliminated.2. When Simon says, " I think we ought to climb the mountain.", he means that society should conquer its fears and reclaim the island. When the boys first founded society, one of the first things that they did was to climb the mountain and attain knowledge of the island. It is important to note that knowledge was a priority for this early society. Climbing the mountain was also a task undertaken with great enthusiasm and the offering of hope for what their society could be. This was the peak of their civilization. Ever since then their society has been "declining" or going "downhill", so the mountain represents the "peak" or "height" of their civilization. As the boys' civilization fell apart, it became primitive and controlled increasingly by evil elements (Jack). Because of this the boys began to fear a beast. The beast was a symbol of this demise and an obstacle to the return of glory. I say that the beast is an obstacle because they now fear climbing the mountain, a mountain that symbolizes the peak of society. When Simon says that they should climb the mountain, he is also saying that the boys should abandon their primitive fears and return to previous glory.3. The new fire is symbolic because it is Piggy's attempt to rebuild society. Piggy believes that without Jack (evil), he himself (knowledge and civility) can prosper. The first step that Piggy decides to take is the construction of a new fire. The fire represents the domination and manipulation of nature and therefore the return to civility. It is important to note that the fire is in a new location. The new fire represents a new society engineered by Piggy and founded upon knowledge. Lord Of The Flies: Chapter 8 Notes :: essays research papers 1. The conch being inexpertly blown and the fact that Piggy has only one lens shows that society has begun to function poorly. The reason for this decline in society is Jack. Jack broke Piggy's lens, and now Jack who has power, represented by the conch, does not know how to blow it properly. This tells us that Jack is an inept leader who misuses power and destroys knowledge. To become an expert at something, such as blowing a conch or leading a society takes time, so this is also significant because it shows that Jack has just recently come to power. Because the conch and Piggy's glasses are crippled, knowledge and power are crippled, but not yet fully eliminated.2. When Simon says, " I think we ought to climb the mountain.", he means that society should conquer its fears and reclaim the island. When the boys first founded society, one of the first things that they did was to climb the mountain and attain knowledge of the island. It is important to note that knowledge was a priority for this early society. Climbing the mountain was also a task undertaken with great enthusiasm and the offering of hope for what their society could be. This was the peak of their civilization. Ever since then their society has been "declining" or going "downhill", so the mountain represents the "peak" or "height" of their civilization. As the boys' civilization fell apart, it became primitive and controlled increasingly by evil elements (Jack). Because of this the boys began to fear a beast. The beast was a symbol of this demise and an obstacle to the return of glory. I say that the beast is an obstacle because they now fear climbing the mountain, a mountain that symbolizes the peak of society. When Simon says that they should climb the mountain, he is also saying that the boys should abandon their primitive fears and return to previous glory.3. The new fire is symbolic because it is Piggy's attempt to rebuild society. Piggy believes that without Jack (evil), he himself (knowledge and civility) can prosper. The first step that Piggy decides to take is the construction of a new fire. The fire represents the domination and manipulation of nature and therefore the return to civility. It is important to note that the fire is in a new location. The new fire represents a new society engineered by Piggy and founded upon knowledge.

Conflict in Romeo and Juliet Essay

The play that I have studied is Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. Act three, scene one, the climax of this play, is a scene where much conflict occurs. This scene opens with two of Romeo’s friends, Benvolio and Mercutio, talking. Tension and suspense is established when Benvolio says, ‘The day is hot, the Capulets abroad, And, if we meet, we shall not ‘scape a brawl’ The ‘fiery Tybalt’ enters looking for Romeo. He felt that Romeo had insulted him by going to the Capulet masked ball and he wanted to exact his revenge. Mercutio deliberately insults him and draws his sword. Just as Benvolio tries to calm them down, Romeo enters. Tybalt tries to incite Romeo into fighting by insulting him: ‘Romeo, the love I bear thee can afford/ No better term than this, – thou art a villain. ‘ Romeo resists Tybalt’s challenge because he is now related by marriage to him. Mercutio is embarrassed by Romeo’s inaction and he challenges Tybalt. As Romeo tries to stop the fight Mercutio is mortally wounded by Tybalt. As Mercutio dies he says, ‘A plague o’ both your houses! / They have made worms’ meet of me. ‘ Romeo realises he is partially responsible for his friend’s death and his anger leads him to kill Tybalt. He then realises he is ‘fortune’s fool’ and flees the place. The Prince of Verona arrives and decides to exile Romeo from the city. What are the underlying causes of conflict in this scene? The main cause of the conflict in this scene arises ‘From ancient grudge’ between two major families in Verona – the Capulets and the Montagues. The feud is so strong that the play opens with their servants fighting. Indeed, the rift is so strong that the Prince of Verona is prompted to announce, ‘If ever you disturb our streets again/ Your lives will pay the forfeit of the peace. ‘ Another cause of the conflict is the mercurial nature of Tybalt. He saw Romeo’s appearance at the Capulet masked ball as an insult and was determined to challenge Romeo. Mercutio also contributed to the conflict. He was very quick to engage in a quarrel with Tybalt and condemned Romeo for avoiding conflict, ‘O calm, dishonourable, vile submission! ‘ Finally Romeo has much internal conflict in this scene. He is being challenged and insulted by Tybalt but feels he cannot retaliate because he is now secretly married to Juliet, Tybalt’s cousin. It is clear there is much conflict in this scene and many reasons for it – this conflict adds greatly to our enjoyment of the play.

Recommendation for GameStop in CRM area

Recommendation for GameStop in CRM area GameStop recommendations on improving customer life cycle The idiosyncrasy of gaming market customers requires high speciality and rapidly responsive company applications. This is the reason why the company should deeply consider customers requirements and favourites. The products of the gaming market are ‘uniquely’ perishable due to the quick dynamic markets, production and technology. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Recommendation for GameStop in CRM area specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The products have little life span on the shelf and a high retail value as long as loyalty of the customer is maintained. The will ensure that the retail shelves of the games never get empty because this is the route cause of customers transfer to other outlets and eventually the business suffer from diminished demands. To improve the customer’s lifecycles, the GameStop marketing company will implement some idi osyncratic business practices too. The implication would be that the off-the-shelf applications should not be the only option of satisfying customer’s demands. Alongside the well-stoked shelf with the latest state of the art technology, the stocks should also entail the second hand titles, which provide the options of customizing to meet special demands without any extra fortunes. To manage the whole product sales cycle from the basics of purchasing to allocation of storage, the marketing plan should avail the options of technological dynamism that catalyze rapid growth of the company by providing a single operating platform. By hosting the events based on the new technological evolutions, offers the customers a chance to play any highly anticipated games prior to their local releases. The biggest challenge on the retail stores today is competition. The stores have to compete with the e-commerce world. The inquiry and supply routine is done electronically and therefore the company has to utilize the web-based retailing system to provide the required positive and lasting impression on the customers. GameStop recommendations on ideas for prospecting The GameStop Company has always been the top dealer of the best game models. These are some of the aspect causing the company to prosper even during the hard times. People always prefer a seller who offers quality at a relatively reasonable prize. The parents are always willing to spend on what make their kids happy thus the need to focus on the child as the main customer. The company also benefits from some of the gamers’ anticipated titles of which it places some reasonable prices thus allowing huge amount of entertainment time.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the main ideas of prospecting for the company will be to engage participation in the sponsorship activities with oth er related but smaller companies. This is a major boost to the retail stores all over the world due to positive publicity. As a presenting sponsor, the company will have a significant presence at the professional competitions and distribution outlets such as the mobile technology, television and internet. Some of these are leading brands enjoying good youth support due to their adventurous lifestyles, considered as a dominant market niche of the gaming world. The other idea entails collaboration with sporting clubs and firms. By working together with the professional video gaming leagues, such as the Major League Gaming (MLG) pro circuit, the company will raise the video gaming competitions to professional sports levels. Such companies also provide players, publishers and media partners with a unique connection to a wide range of players who are prospective customers as well. Partnership prospects allows better transfer of gaming facilities or information regarding the company, to major stores across the globe thus elevating the profit margins to greater heights and assisting in the process of marketing the business for growth. Recommendation for GameStop in CRM area GameStop recommendations on improving customer life cycle The idiosyncrasy of gaming market customers requires high speciality and rapidly responsive company applications. This is the reason why the company should deeply consider customers requirements and favourites. The products of the gaming market are ‘uniquely’ perishable due to the quick dynamic markets, production and technology. The products have little life span on the shelf and a high retail value as long as loyalty of the customer is maintained. The will ensure that the retail shelves of the games never get empty because this is the route cause of customers transfer to other outlets and eventually the business suffer from diminished demands. To improve the customer’s lifecycles, the GameStop marketing company will implement some idiosyncratic business practices too. The implication would be that the off-the-shelf applications should not be the only option of satisfying customer’s demands. Alongside the well-stoked shelf with the latest state of the art technology, the stocks should also entail the second hand titles, which provide the options of customizing to meet special demands without any extra fortunes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Recommendation for GameStop in CRM area specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To manage the whole product sales cycle from the basics of purchasing to allocation of storage, the marketing plan should avail the options of technological dynamism that catalyze rapid growth of the company by providing a single operating platform. By hosting the events based on the new technological evolutions, offers the customers a chance to play any highly anticipated games prior to their local releases. The biggest challenge on the retail stores today is competition. The stores have to compete with the e-commerce world. The inquiry and supply routine is done electronically and therefore the company has to utilize the web-based retailing system to provide the required positive and lasting impression on the customers. GameStop recommendations on ideas for prospecting The GameStop Company has always been the top dealer of the best game models. These are some of the aspect causing the company to prosper even during the hard times. People always prefer a seller who offers quality at a relatively reasonable prize. The parents are always willing to spend on what make their kids happy thus the need to focus on the child as the main customer. The company also benefits from some of the gamers’ anticipated titles of which it places some reasonable prices thus allowing huge amount of entertainment time. One of the main ideas of prospecting for the company will be to engage participation in the sponsorship activities with other related but smaller companies. This is a major boost to the retail stores all over the world due to positive publicity. As a presenting sponsor, the company will have a significant presence at the professional competitions and distribution outlets such as the mobile technology, television and internet. Some of these are leading brands enjoying good youth support due to their adventurous lifestyles, considered as a dominant market niche of the gaming world. The other idea entails collaboration with sporting clubs and firms. By working together with the professional video gaming leagues, such as the Major League Gaming (MLG) pro circuit, the company will raise the video gaming competitions to professional sports levels. Such companies also provide players, publishers and media partners with a unique connection to a wide range of players who are prospective customers as well. Partnership prospects allows better transfer of gaming facilities o r information regarding the company, to major stores across the globe thus elevating the profit margins to greater heights and assisting in the process of marketing the business for growth.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Causes of mental retardation essays

Causes of mental retardation essays In order to be considered mentally retarded, you must have an IQ below 75, have significant limitations in two or more adaptive skill areas, and the condition is present from childhood (defined as age 18 or younger). People can be mentally retarded as all different levels. About 78% of mentally retarded people will only be a little slower than the average person, while in others it is very apparent (Arc of New Jersey). There are many causes of mental retardation. One cause of mental retardation is of genetic conditions. That includes; abnormal gene mixes from parents, errors when genes combine, overexposure to x-rays, and many more reasons. More than 500 genetic diseases are associated with mental retardation. Down Syndrome is an example of a chromosomal disorder (Mental Retardation Issues). Chromosomal disorders occur every once in a while, and are caused by too many or too few chromosomes in the restructure of the chromosomes (The Arc of New Jersey). Another cause is problems during pregnancy. It could happen if the mother drinks or does drugs while pregnant with the baby. Other risks include malnutrition, certain environmental contaminants, and the mother could get ill during the pregnancy. Pregnant women who are infected with HIV may pass it on to their child. Also very stressful and physical pregnancies and births can cause damage to a childs brain (Introduction to Mental Retardation). Mental Retardation also occurs frequently after birth. Childhood diseases such as big coughs, chicken pox, measles, and hip disease, which may lead to meningitis and encephalitis, can damage the brain, as can accidents such as being hit in the head, near drowning situations, and most other accidents involving the head. Another that can be harmful to a child mentally is environmental fumes, lead, mercury, and other dangerous toxins (Introduction to An American ...

The Most Important Part Of Emergency Planning Example

The Most Important Part Of Emergency Planning Example The Most Important Part Of Emergency Planning – Coursework Example The Most Important Part of Emergency Planning Affiliation The most important part of emergency planning Emergency planning is a key element in today’s operations because it helps in preparedness, response and reduction of risks that are caused by emergencies. There are various aspect of emergency planning, and the first aspect is that of the establishment of an emergency planning team. A group or an individual in the organization is vested with the obligation of coming up with a contingency plan. The size of the emergency planning team will depend on the business operations of the organization or the facility and the resources available in the organization (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2010).  The members of this team are selected from all functional units of an organization. The second aspect of emergency planning is the structuring of a clear chain of command or establishment of authority. Doing this will ensure that there is the commitment by all the stakeholders and promotion of an environment of cooperation because of the protocol that has to be followed. The third aspect of the plan entails the outlining of the mission statement. A clear mission statement shows how the stakeholders are committed to emergency preparedness. The mission statement will outline the goal and objectives of the plan and show the involvement of the entire organization in the plan (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2010).   The fourth aspect is the development of the plan, and this will entail all the basic components such as the approaches and responses to an emergency. Finally, there is the aspect of emergency plan implementation, which will ensure that the plan is exercised in case of an emergency. The most important part of emergency planning process is that of implementation. This is because, at this stage, there is an analysis and evaluation of the plan. If the plan does not perform efficiently, then it is recommended for modifications. If it fairs well, it is then adopted by the organization and used in future emergency cases (Bevilacqua, Ciarapica, & Paciarotti, 2012).ReferencesBevilacqua, M., Ciarapica, F. E., & Paciarotti, C. (2012). Business Process Reengineering of emergency management procedures: A case study.  Safety Science,  50(5), 1368-1376.Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2010).  Developing and maintaining emergency operations plans. Washington, D.C.: Dept. of Homeland Security. Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Business Management - Diverse Workforce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Management - Diverse Workforce - Essay Example Equal opportunities in may just be a way of making it more palatable in today's climate, may be used to revitalize the equal opportunities agenda (Dickson and Hargie 2003). Also, the manager can cultivate diverse workforce organizational assessment, effective recruiting rules and norms and alternative work arrangements. Managing diversity is usually associated with the creation of a strong corporate culture with an emphasis on commitment, and it is inevitably portrayed as having a strategic and integrated focus. The main challenges faced by a company involve attempts to manage diverse workforce and create positive corporate climate, low cohesiveness and communication problems caused by cultural and language differences, group tension and negative stereotyping (Bateman et al 2003). The main difference between leading and managing is found in management functions managing involves maximization of the output of organization through effective management tools and methods. In contrast, leading is aimed to induce and motivate employees to work towards group goals with confidence and keenness. A leader's actions are devoted to helping a group to attain its objectives. Leading also implies that the leader accepts responsibility for the achievement of the group objective and it is therefore essential for trust and co-operation from both sides to be in evidence all the time. "Leading is focused on influencing people, while the other functions are focused on "resources" in addition to people" (McNamara, 2007). Every effective organization must lead in technology to meet changing economic environment and market demands. Out-of-date technology may lead to plant failure and consequent delays in production. Its new technology achievements and overall business strategy, pote ntial and capability to support high performance environments are the key elements for future developments. Technological forces generate problem-solving inventions. In many cases, technology helps to join material resource and human resources, and fastens this process. Every effective organization must lead in technology in order to resist competition and remain competitive in future. Also, technology allows companies to reduce operational costs and increase productivity. Team Management Effective teamwork depends upon a number of factors including motivation, mutual understanding, cohesiveness and team spirit. A manager can build a cohesive team using (1) different communication methods which allow team members to share experiences, (2) diversity training activities, (3) retreats. Teams react to success. Just as success can enhance self-confidence and release energy potential for individuals, it also can help develop cohesion and camaraderie in groups. An example of this was reported on the basis of undersea marine research teams. Each successful undersea mission, according to the account, led to increased team cohesion. Thus, building a high-performing team is difficult, particularly if the team is working on a variety of tasks and, possibly, line activities at the same time. Therefore, the deliberate use of competitive strategies to enhance work motivation and teamwork requires planning and control. In this case, communication plays a pivotal role helping team mem bers and a leader to solve problem and share experiences (Bateman et al 2003). Intergroup Conflict Intergroup conflict occurs because of incompatibility

Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Land Law - Essay Example Lenders are required to send a reminder notice or letter of demand if payments are defaulted1. If the payment default is not corrected as expected in the demand letter, the lender should send a default notice, making it clear how he will remedy the default to allow the borrower a maximum period of 30 days as per the date of the note to do so. When a mortgager of residential property fails to repay his mortgage, he will find it difficult, though not impossible to prevent the mortgage from recovering the property and selling it. Mortgage in English law is resulted from two different influences. Its form and origin belong to the common law; the constraints by which it is made to act as security only, belong to the courts equity. The English law states that, if the mortgagor did not pay on the contractual date, he at one time can forfeit the mortgagee and can be sued in contract to for money repayment. Accordingly, the legal right to redeem is very limited. The mortgagee’s right t o possess the residential property is exactly what is expected. By virtue of how legal mortgages are created, the lender is considered as having an estate in the residential land, thus he is given an immediate right to possession instantly the ink dries on the mortgage. Notably, the mortgagee may posses the property at any moment even when the mortgage is not in default, basing only to the provision contrary in statute or in the mortgage itself. In the usual course of events, this right will not be exercised by the mortgagee and will be content to permit the mortgagor to continue possessing the property so long as the terms of mortgage are adhered to and payments are done as agreed. Indeed, the mortgagee could have promised in the contract not to seek possession except if the mortgagor breaches any other obligation or defaults repaying. If this happens, possession may be granted in virtue of the mortgagee’s right, not in virtue of a solution to be requested from the court2. I n this context therefore, mortgaged property can only be taken and sold basing on the procedure of mortgage creation, the rights of the lender, and the rights of the mortgagor. How a mortgage is created Before property is taken and sold, the mortgagee and the mortgagor should both consider the way this mortgage was created. The first step is to involve a mortgage advisor to offer an agreement in principle or approval. This illustrates what the provider will likely be willing to lend, basing on specific terms and conditions. Such a step can be helpful when a mortgagor has chosen his mortgage and the property is to be offered. A mortgagor should never be tempted to overstate his income since he can end up with a mortgage he can not afford to repay. To legalize a mortgage, a licensed conveyance or a conveyance solicitor must be included in this creation so that he can draw up contract, make local searches, and carry out other legal paperwork. Some lenders may refer a mortgage to a spec ified solicitor but a personal recommendation may be a choice. After this, it is important that the property is valuated3. The lender will often have the prosperity valued to ensure that it is worth the agreed upon price. If it’s not, then it will affect the amount to be lent. It is therefore advisable for a mortgagor to get his own survey done as well or to upgrade the valuation of the lender’s survey into a more detailed one. After mortgage offer, the mortgagor’s solicitor can set a date for contract exchange with the seller’s solicitor. A percentage of the buying price is paid by the mortgagor at this time, as a non-refundable deposit and entrust to paying the rest upon the agreed completion time, that is, when he owns the property. A mortgage can be created over a

Theology of Immigration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theology of Immigration - Assignment Example While Congress is making new laws evangelical Christians, on the other hand, are protesting and trying to make sure that these laws are in accordance with the teachings of the bible regarding immigration and how immigrants should be treated. An immigration law that ensures justice, values an individual’s self-esteem and does not affect the country’s image as a welcoming country. A fair immigration law will help in making the country’s economy and society stronger. Immigrants have played a significant role both in American history and bequest, due to this American’s should encourage immigrants to take part as American citizens who pay taxes, vote in elections and work legally (Staver, 2013). Immigration laws should consist of suitable fines, timings to wait for their hearings, a proper background check should be done, confirmation regarding honorable character and loyalty towards America by learning their native language. The Bible regarding the issue of im migration states that people need to make to make a choice between greeting the immigrants which will direct them towards endless paradise and not greeting the immigrants will direct them towards endless penalty. (Staver, 2013) In this paper, we will discuss what the Bible says regarding the issue of immigration and will also put light on the issue of Iraqi immigrants and what the Christians have to say about it.   The topic of immigration usually creates a gap between devoted parishioners and denominational ministers, a number of Catholic bishops believe that illegal immigrants should be given official pardon. They are constantly working in the favor of open borders. The codes of conduct stated by their religion are the basis for many American policies and their politics. The Christians who form the policies and the Christian citizens of the United States may perhaps want to take into account how the Bible looks at the issue of immigration. The United States has an extensive rela tionship with Christianity and its effect on the process of policymaking. The Bible clearly states rules about some issues of public policy making, however on a few issues nothing is said clearly so people themselves have to interpret what the Bible is saying.   (Edwards, 2009) The Bible has told its people the role God has determined for the Civil Government of the country. It specifies that those with power need to maintain law and order in the country, look after the citizens and penalize those who commit a crime.   (Edwards, 2009) In 1 Peter 2:13-14 NIV it is said: â€Å"Submit yourselves for the Lord's sake to every authority instituted among men: whether to the king, as the supreme authority, or to governors, who are sent by him to punish those who do wrong and to commend those who do right.† This tells us that those who are making the laws have a very serious responsibility given to them.  

Quality Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Quality Management - Case Study Example The objective of any business organisation is to generate profit. Quality Management System (QMS) ensures improvement in business situation and for attaining long term growth. In the today's competitive world, quality is crucial factor for survival in any type of organisation. QMS mainly focus on ensuring Quality Assurance and Quality Control. Quality assurance focuses on overall process and to verify that it is carried out in required manner. Quality control is the accepting or rejecting the product. QC is mainly product oriented approach. QMS involves QC, QA and overall business management process. ISO 9001:2000 is a Quality Management Standard. ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) is established to develop international standard for management or product or services. They used to conduct auditing process for acquiring ISO certification. This can be applied in all kinds of organisation irrespective to its size and type of business. In the today's shipping service sector, ISO 9001:2000 is crucial for meeting customer satisfaction and thus for ensuring profitability. ISO 9001 is the most suitable standard for quality assurance in shipping sector. Shipping sectors are pressurised to provide a proof of quality management system by their clients as well as by authorities. ... Customer Satisfaction usually determines the growth of the company. Customer satisfaction can be attained by quality of products or services. Dissatisfaction of the customer is mainly arises due to failure in meeting their expectations and demand. IDO is providing more sophisticated services to its passengers and this reflected in their in number of customers increased over the years. Generation of profit is the main objective of shipping companies and so they mainly focused on reducing the daily operational expenses rather than providing efficient services. Cost cutting measures can be seen at everywhere but International Maritime Organisation has made rules and regulations. Cost cutting measures might affect the company in the long run. In the short run it may bring additional income. It is not practical to adopt cost cutting on customer service and maintenance of efficiency. 2 Company Profile: Istanbul Deniz Otobusleri (IDO-Istanbul Seabuses and Fast Ferries Inc.) was established in the year 1987 by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality mainly with the emphasis on public transport by sea. Firstly they started with 10 seabuses and now they are grown into world's largest seabuses and Ferry service provider. Today they are carrying about 90 million passengers and 5 million vehicles yearly. It has been seen that they are continuously developing year by year. Seabuses are reliable and comfortable for passengers of Istanbul and Marmara Sea. Each seabuses has a capacity of about 500 passengers. In addition, they are allocating more funds for investment and development of vessels. There was tremendous increase in the number of passengers travelling over the last few years. IDO

Free Will Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Free Will - Essay Example This leads to the realization that in deed power inflicts corruption of the mind and absolute power corrupts the mind completely (Blaug 67). The statement that power has the ability to corrupt the mind has been vividly observed in almost every part of the world. Individuals in the opposition have proven to be some of the best leaders before assuming the throne. They articulate people’s grievances and would convince that they are the best to be mandated to lead the people, ironically, when they are eventually elected to power they change to be the known despots of the world (Curra 97). In support of these, the history of Adolf Hitler can serve as an example. Hitler was German who was incarcerated for many years allegedly for castigating the regime that was in power then, after serving his sentence, Hitler was unanimously endorsed to be the Germans king on premise that he had vehemently articulated people’s voices and out rightly was the best bet then (Lewis 56). Upon ass uming the office, Hitler turn to be driven by the ever-growing need to conquer the world by claiming every part of it to be German’s territory. ... This is a clear illustration that power can corrupt the mind to an extent that it insulates critical analysis of one’s actions and impact negatively to the society or a nation at large. With reference to power as a way of corrupting the mind Hitler is not the only culprit, there are other world’s leaders who have acquired the title ‘despots’ by the way they managed power, the long list includes people like Pol Pot (Cambodian dictator) and Slobodan Milosevic of Yugoslavia (Lewis 204). At the helm of power, all these leaders demonstrated radical change in perception thus enabling us to construe that they were corrupted by power The notion that power corrupts the mind is a blanket accusation that cannot be used to include every leader who has been at the helm of power. We have very many leaders starting from grassroots level to the national level who have served in their capacities diligently with honesty and the rule of the law negating the fact that with the onset of power what follows is the corruption of the mind (Lewis 215). Again, when enumerating leaders who have shown deviance while in power, the proportion of the leaders who perfect this is negligible compared to the entire population. It is becoming necessary that we critically understand the relation between power and individuality, power itself cannot corrupt the mind, but the mind can corrupt power (Curra 198). It should then be construed the other way round. Before we relate power to the corruption of the mind, we should first have all the fundamentals of power that directly influences leader in power to depict contrary behaviors and without these, it will be elusive to admit that power affects leaders negatively. The other

Quality Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Quality Management - Case Study Example The objective of any business organisation is to generate profit. Quality Management System (QMS) ensures improvement in business situation and for attaining long term growth. In the today's competitive world, quality is crucial factor for survival in any type of organisation. QMS mainly focus on ensuring Quality Assurance and Quality Control. Quality assurance focuses on overall process and to verify that it is carried out in required manner. Quality control is the accepting or rejecting the product. QC is mainly product oriented approach. QMS involves QC, QA and overall business management process. ISO 9001:2000 is a Quality Management Standard. ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) is established to develop international standard for management or product or services. They used to conduct auditing process for acquiring ISO certification. This can be applied in all kinds of organisation irrespective to its size and type of business. In the today's shipping service sector, ISO 9001:2000 is crucial for meeting customer satisfaction and thus for ensuring profitability. ISO 9001 is the most suitable standard for quality assurance in shipping sector. Shipping sectors are pressurised to provide a proof of quality management system by their clients as well as by authorities. ... Customer Satisfaction usually determines the growth of the company. Customer satisfaction can be attained by quality of products or services. Dissatisfaction of the customer is mainly arises due to failure in meeting their expectations and demand. IDO is providing more sophisticated services to its passengers and this reflected in their in number of customers increased over the years. Generation of profit is the main objective of shipping companies and so they mainly focused on reducing the daily operational expenses rather than providing efficient services. Cost cutting measures can be seen at everywhere but International Maritime Organisation has made rules and regulations. Cost cutting measures might affect the company in the long run. In the short run it may bring additional income. It is not practical to adopt cost cutting on customer service and maintenance of efficiency. 2 Company Profile: Istanbul Deniz Otobusleri (IDO-Istanbul Seabuses and Fast Ferries Inc.) was established in the year 1987 by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality mainly with the emphasis on public transport by sea. Firstly they started with 10 seabuses and now they are grown into world's largest seabuses and Ferry service provider. Today they are carrying about 90 million passengers and 5 million vehicles yearly. It has been seen that they are continuously developing year by year. Seabuses are reliable and comfortable for passengers of Istanbul and Marmara Sea. Each seabuses has a capacity of about 500 passengers. In addition, they are allocating more funds for investment and development of vessels. There was tremendous increase in the number of passengers travelling over the last few years. IDO

Systems and Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Systems and Operations Management - Essay Example The company has had steady and consistent growth over years with growing and expanding customer base to Perth, Sydney and Canberra. It is aligned to the path of progress, increasing market share and sustainability of the business. The company has come of age through trial and error, occasionally faced by challenges ranging from changing business practices and customer desires. The growth has been informed by good business acumen of the founder, Lachlan Atokowa. The vision was in wealth accumulation and running a professional enterprise. The company has been able to command a good market by leveraging on the market potential and customer friendly prices and products. The company capitalizes on good business thriftiness and radical process change to ensure customer requirements are met. The company is currently in the process of reviewing its growth potential and increasing customer satisfaction by addressing their needs effectively. In doing so, the company will inspect the ingredient s of production like the inputs, process and outputs. Customer satisfaction will be attained by the company through meeting their requirements. The company will conduct verification, audit and inspection of its processes by undertaking data collection which will involve getting the responses of the customers about the products, customer handling and the effectiveness of the delivery process. This study will advise on what best to the process can be done in order increase process efficiency and effectiveness which will consequently increase the market share, increase dividends to shareholders and improve on customer satisfaction. The results will be tremendous as company long term survival, assured employment, greater market share and sustainability. The recommendations made regarding the change of process will ultimately change the effectiveness of operations and efficiency of the product life cycle. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 6 2. ANALYSIS OF SYSTEMS AND OPERATIONS 6 i) Prod uct design and conceptualization 6 Fig. 1: Illustration of Atokowa product cycle 7 2.2 Listing objectives, likely risks and key controls areas in the process 8 2.3 Risks identified with Atokowa process and operations 8 Table 1: Risks identified with Atokowa process and operations 8 2.4 Atokowa process control 9 2.4.1 Process control tools 9 2.4.2Process Profile Work Sheet 10 Table 1: Atokowa process profile worksheet 10 2.4.3 Atokowa process analysis 11 2.5 Decision Hierarchy Models 11 2.5.1 Processes requiring improvement 12 Fig. 2: Atokowa process improvement tree 12 2.5.2 Atokowa process prioritization 13 Table 2: Atokowa process prioritization 13 2.5.3 Problem Identification 14 Figure 3: Atokowa decision process development 17 3.0 Conclusion 17 4.0 Recommendations 17 References 22 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Atokowa product system life cycle 7 Fig. 2: Atokowa process improvement tree 12 Figure 3: Atokowa decision process development 17 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Risks identified with A tokowa process and operations 8 Table 1: Atokowa process profile worksheet 10 Table 2: Atokowa process prioritization 13 1. INTRODUCTION Atokowa Company has a commitment to review its production processes as a means to exploit new business opportunities and market advantage. It is engaged in carrying out an effective analysis of a business process that should take into consideration the business’

Categorisation in Long-Term Memory Essay Example for Free

Categorisation in Long-Term Memory Essay The method used was a field experiment as it took part in a classroom. This method was chosen because the independent variable can be manipulated to find the effect on the dependent variable, which can draw conclusions about cause and effect. Doing this allows reasonable control of extraneous variables and where the experimenter has a significant amount of control. An independent groups design was most appropriate because it prevents order effects and demand characteristics to a certain extent. There will be two groups, a control group who will be shown a random list of words and an experiment group who will receive a categorised list. This enables me to compare the number of words each group can recall and therefore claim the cause and effect. Independent variable Whether participants are presented with an organised list of words or not. Dependant variable Memory as measured by the number of words the participant recall from the list of words. Participants It was an opportunity sample of International school students from 13 to 14 years old. 10 participants were allocated into each condition randomly (condition 1: control group who received a random list of words, condition 2: experiment group with an organised list of categorised words). Each condition had 5 females and 5 males. Anyone that was available was asked if they would take part in the experiment. None of the participants dropped out and only 2 students refused to take part, because they were not free at that moment. This sampling method was chosen because it was quick and convenient. By using independent designs, some extraneous variables were controlled. Order effects were prevented since different participants were allocated in different conditions. Having clear and concise standardised instructions reduced confusion. The procedures were standardised to reduce any experimenter effects. The room was kept in a constant temperature to reduce it from possibly affecting participants memory. Students were ranged from 13-14 years old. Other noise from outside the room may have distorted the results and therefore all windows and doors were closed so that as little noise as possible was allowed into the room. The group of participants who received the organised lists of words recalled more words than the participants with the randomly categorised list. It was distinctive from the graph that people given categorised words recalled more words than people who received a random list. The results support my hypothesis of better recall from students if words were categorised. The relationship between the independent and dependant variable was if the words were categorised, the higher the recall. Discussion Validity Validity is if the measuring apparatus measures what its meant to measure. By looking at the number of words remembered, its an indicator of memory as it is clear that the more words you recall the more words were remembered, this is called face validity and its purpose is to see if the experiment is testing what its supposed to measure. I chose 3 categories of words to use in my experiment and I think that they were the correct categories to use as they were all only 1 syllable and are generally used in everyday life. This is related to construct validity which is whether the method can be used to support the variable that is being measured. (If the experiment was replicated, we would see similar results) I think that I chose the words that best measure organisation and that my test was valid. Ecological validity is if the experiment measures a naturally occurring behaviour. This was a field experiment which has good ecological validity but its not usual for someone to be taken into a room and to participate in a test on a daily life setting. The participants were aware they were taking part in a psychology experiment so the results could have been affected by demand characteristics. Suggestions for improving validity Participants were aware they were talking part in a psychology experiment which could have created demand characteristics and possible experimenter bias. To obtain a higher ecological validity I could have applied my study to school/everyday life. For example, asking participants to recall a list of ingredients that they had used to bake a cake. This could prevent demand characteristics and experimenter bias as participants might not be aware this that it is a psychology experiment and could possibly make my results more valid. Doing this however, would make it harder to control any extraneous variables and the study would be more difficult to replicate and standardise. Reliability Reliability is whether the measuring method can measure consistently. If the experiment was repeated, similar results would appear. I have increased reliability using the same words in both lists. Two different lists of words decreases reliability as some words are easier to remember than others. Therefore using the same words will reduce this effect. In the list of organised words it was obvious that the experiment was testing memory which led to demand characteristics. The experiment were standardised which meant its easy to replicate. However, because participants were already told that they were taking part in a psychology experiment on memory, they knew what the experiment was about and could try harder to perform better on the test (demand characteristics). Improving reliability If I were to choose a different sampling method results would be much more representative, because my sample was an opportunity sample with only people who were free at that moment. I could have chosen a random sample to increase reliability since there are different levels of cognitive abilities in students and not only people who were free. This method could be done by picking 10 males and females randomly (picking out names from hat) from each year group. This means a total of 70 subjects would be used instead of just 20 and doing this would give me more reliable results and a much more representative sample of school students. Also, to reduce demand characteristics the purpose of the experiment shouldnt have been told to the participants until after the experiment, which is called debriefing. Implications of study Bousfield found that we have semantic organisation in our long-term memory. Bower et al found that organising words into a categorised hierarchy would help to improve recall. In this study I found that participants recalled more words when the words on this list were organised. This means that the findings of my experiment support both Bowers and Bousfields findings. This implies that there is in fact a short and long-term memory and that there is some kind of semantic organisation of the information in the long-term memory which can improve peoples re-call. Generalisation of findings Target population is the age and group of people an experimenter plans to generalise their findings on. In my experiment the target population was Island School students between the ages 13-14 years old. This was hard to generalise due to the sampling method. The method was biased because only students who were available and around at that time were asked to participate. This could be improved if a larger sample of students were used and not only people who were free to participate. My experiment only involved 20 people, which was too little to generalise a school of 1500 students. It was hard to generalise beyond the target population, as there are individual differences, psychological differences and cultural differences between much of the population. In addition my sample was too small to generalise beyond target population. Applications of everyday life It was found that an organised list of categorized words would be more efficient to remember than a randomly placed list of words. This can be applied to everyday life, for example when teachers teach children they have to teach in a systematical order so it is easier to recall the majority of information. As for a high school there is a syllabus which is organized by categorising the same type of information together. This is the most efficient way for remembering information and recalling it for exams.

Direct to consumer advertising

Direct to consumer advertising DTCA of prescription drugs has increased enormously over the past decade in the United States and New Zealand, the 2 countries where it is legal. In 2005, more than $4.2 billion (US) was spent on DTCA in the United States, and Americans spent an average of 16 hours watching televised drug advertisements-far more time than they spent with family doctors. Mintzes (2009) Whereas advertising for non-prescription pharmaceuticals has been directed to consumers for decades, direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising for prescription drugs is a relatively recent phenomenon. Regulation of pharmaceutical advertising varies significantly around the globe. Diehl et al (2008) Currently, direct-to-consumer advertising is only allowed in the US and New Zealand, but is banned throughout Europe and the rest of the world. Diehl et al (2008) Despite the ban, a number of pharmaceutical companies have already begun to conduct consumer-targeted campaigns in the EU, which comply with current restrictions (Hone Benson 2004). Like KSA Diehl et al (2008) In the next part, I will start with academic review of marketing communication tools and advertising in general. 2.2 Marketing Communications tools Marketing Communication Marketing communications as defined by Kotler (2007) are the means by which firms attempt to inform, persuade, and remind consumers directly or indirectly about the products and brands that they sell. They are considered the voice of the brand and by which the companies can build a relationship with customers. Marketing communications mix consists of six major modes of communication, and according to Kotler (2007) it can be classified to mass or personal communications. Mass communications are advertising, public relation and publicity, events, and sales promotion. While, personal communications are personal selling and direct marketing. In this paper, I will focus on advertising, public relations and publicity, and direct marketing. 2.2.1 Personal Selling Personal selling is a face to face interaction with one or more prospective purchasers for the purpose of making presentations, answering questions, and procuring orders. For example, sales presentation, sales meeting, and samples. 2.2.2 Direct Selling Direct marketing is the use of consumer-direct channels to reach and deliver goods and services to customer without using marketing middlemen. These channels include catalogs, mailing, telemarketing, TV shopping, e-mail, or internet to communicate directly with customers. 2.2.3 Sales Promotion Sales promotion is a variety of short term incentives to encourage trial or purchase of a product or service. For example, coupons, lotteries and gifts. On the contrary, sales promotion is the appropriate tool, if the intention is to deliver quicker results, thus, it could be thought of as a short term incentive to stimulate sales (Sandhusen, 2008), however, despite the fact that it has taken over advertising in recent years, if used more frequently it may has a damaging impact on the brand being promoted. 2.2.4 Events Events and experiences are company sponsored activities and programs designed to create daily or special brand related interactions. For example, sports, festivals, arts, factory tours, and company museum. These marketing communications must be integrated to deliver a consistent message and achieve the strategic positioning. 2.2.5 Public Relations and Publicity Public relation and publicity is a variety of programs designed to promote or protect a company image or its individual products. For example, press kits, speeches, seminars, annual reports, charitable donations, publications, community relations, lobbying, identity media, and company magazine. Public relations carries identical definition as that for advertising except for the part of being paid by the company, and on the contrary, public relation has a distinctive quality over advertising, which is being perceived as more credible (Sandhusen, 2008). The appeal of public relations is based on three distinctive qualities; high credibility than ads, ability to catch buyers off guard who prefer to avoid salespeople and advertisements, and the potential for dramatizing a company or a product. Many companies are turning to marketing public relations (MPR) to support corporate or product promotion and image making. The old name of MPR was publicity, which was seen as the task of securing editorial space as opposed to paid spaces in print and broadcast media to promote a product, service, idea, place, person, or organization. MPR goes beyond simple publicity and plays an important role in assisting in the launch of new products, assisting in repositioning of a mature product, building interest in a product category, influencing specific target groups, defending products that have encountered public problems, and building the corporate image in the way that reflects favourably on its products. 2.2.6 Advertising Advertising as claimed by Pickton Broderick (2006) is considered as the senior element of the marketing communications mix which defined as the use of paid mass media, by an identified sponsor, to deliver marketing communications to target audiences to persuade or influence an audience. Whereas media is considered as the carriers of message that it should include TV, radio, press, posters, direct mail and the internet. Advertising according to the media and the purpose can be classified into many types. For example, based on the type of media there are many types of advertisement like television ads, press and magazine advertisements, posters, radio, internet and out of home advertising which includes billboards, transit, street furniture, and alternative outdoor like cinema advertising, stadium advertising, and airport advertising (Wilson, et al., 2008). In addition to the previous classification, Eldridge (1958) argued that according to the purpose of the advertising there are three different kinds. The first one is the immediate action advertising like that of retail food advertising, special deals and coupon offers that push customers to take immediate actions. Whereas the second category is the awareness advertising like the announcements of a new product or model. As an example of this category is that of direct-to-consumer advertising of the pharmaceutical products, especially See your doctor campaigns that increase public awareness for new products or even refreshing the customer memory toward old product. Finally, the third category is the creation or change of an image advertising which is considered the most difficult category to be measured. For example, campaigns that made by oil companies to improve their images as environment pollutants through increasing their social responsibilities. There is some confusion between advertising, direct marketing, and public relation. (Tamer) Advertising has a lot of advantages. As mentioned in Leicester (2009) it can reach mass audiences through media and press. In addition it is able to reach mass audiences selectively like advertising in specialized magazines. Moreover, it has low unit cost, efficient and effective at reaching large audiences. In addition to the previous advantages, as claimed by Eechambadi and Naras V. (1994), it is expected to change perceptions, maintain awareness, reinforce brand loyalty, encourage switching, or influence frequency of purchase. After showing the different types and advantages of advertising in the next part I will present how advertising works. As mentioned by Miller, et al., (1998) over the past several decades most advertisers and academics believed that advertising primarily worked by changing consumer attitudes toward a brand through the (Awareness, Interest, Desire Action) AIDA model. This simple model says that awareness of a brand precedes interest, which in turn precedes desire and action. Thus, awareness plays a role in this theory, it is primarily a gatekeeper. However, Pickton Broderick (2006) argued that, advertising works through three ways. The first way considers the concepts of advertising as a strong or a weak force. Advertising seen as a strong force suggests that it has a direct and positive impact on sales through persuading people to buy, creating and building brands, differentiating between brands and increasing sales. While those see advertising as a weak force suggests that advertising works through maintaining brand values and defending market share, so its effect on sales is therefore less direct. A second way considers the concept of salience which is the sum total of brand attributes, not any single element, that creates a positive attitude towards the brand. The goal is not so much how well your brand is regarded, but how many consumers regard your brand well. In this way, brand shares are maintained. The third approach is a simple causal hierarchy of effects that claimed by Vakratsas and Ambler (1999) which is little changed in its essentials from the AIDA model. In this approach, consumers change their minds about a product, then they change their attitude, and then they act. In other words, the process begins with cognition, which translates to affect, which then translates to behaviour. The purpose of advertising in that model is primarily to drive trial by inserting the brand into the consumers head and keeping it there. To increase the advertising effectiveness, it is better to use advertising in more than one media to gain the advantages of each one. For example, the most effective see your doctor campaigns usually use more than one media, like TV, radio, posters, flyers and internet. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.3 Overview of DTCA . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.3.1. Definition of DTCA . Direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) is the promotion of prescription drugs through newspaper, magazine, television and internet marketing. Drug companies also produce a range of other materials, including brochures and videos, that are available in doctors offices or designed to be given to patients by medical professionals or via patient groups. Vann(2010) The only two developed countries where DTCA is currently legal are the U.S. and New Zealand. While banned elsewhere, the drug industry is mounting major lobbying campaigns to have DTCA allowed in Europe and Canada. Vann(2010) DTCA advertising is just one strand in the marketing and PR efforts of drug companies to promote brand-name prescription drugs. Some aimed at potential consumers are video news releases for use in television news bulletins and programs. Vann(2010) Prescription drug advertising is very different from any other type of product advertising in that the product cannot be purchased without the cooperation of others (doctor, pharmacist, insurer, health maintenance organisations, etc.) and thus the purpose of advertising is different from most other product advertising. Becker et al, (2005) The advertisers want consumers to do one of the following; seek more information, talk to a doctor about the drug, talk to a pharmacist about the drug and tell family and friends about the drug. Basically, what consumers are expected to do after viewing prescription drug ads is to seek information and talk to others. Becker et al, (2005) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.3.2. A History of DTCA . The idea of DTCA started in the early 1980s when some of pharmaceutical companies decided to find a new model of promotion rather than the traditional one that rely on promotion for physician. They started firstly with public relations techniques rather than paid advertising as mentioned by Donohue and Julie (2006). From the 1950s to the early 1980s, no pharmaceutical companies were running product-specific ads in the mass media. Then, two product marketing campaigns broke with tradition and pursued a marketing strategy that depended on consumers taking a more active role in prescribing decisions. In 1981, Boots pharmaceuticals used print and television ads to promote Rufen, a prescription pain reliever. The marketing strategy was to position Rufen as a cheaper alternative to the leading brand. Donohue and Julie (2006) In the early 1980s most pharmaceutical companies avoided DTCA of prescription drugs, according to a survey conducted in 1984 of pharmaceutical marketing executives. Pharmaceutical executives argued that DTCA would hurt the doctor-patient relationship, confuse an unsophisticated public, and lead to higher drug costs. Donohue and Julie (2006) The increased use of DTCA in the early 1990s may have been related to the introduction of lifestyle drugs for which no market yet existed like hair restoration products or those requiring consumers to self-identify, either because physicians feel uncomfortable discussing the product like drugs that treat erectile dysfunction. Donohue and Julie (2006) In 1997, The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) relaxed its rules on mass media advertising for prescription drugs. This action made it easier for pharmaceutical companies to promote their products in 30- or 60-second TV ads without giving detailed medical information on the indications, potential side effects, or proper use. Findlay and Steven (2002) Pharmaceutical firms, which in 1984 had feared the impact of DTCA on the doctor-patient relationship, now argued that prescription drug advertising empowered consumers. The president of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America stated, Direct-to-consumer advertising is an excellent way to meet the growing demand for medical information, empowering consumers by educating them about health conditions and possible treatments. Donohue and Julie (2006) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.3.3. Why pharmaceutical companies might use DTCA?. There are several factors in the prescription drug industry that might induce manufacturers to advertise directly to consumers. In general, certain characteristics of the market, the disease to be treated, the stage of the product life cycle (PLC) and the drug treatment itself. Sheffet et al, (1990) As the size of the potential market increases, so does the probability that manufacturers will advertise to medical professionals and consumers, because the larger the potential market for a drug treatment, the lower the cost per treatment to advertise. For example, the current broadcasting and print media advertising for ulcer treatments is aimed at a large potential market. In the case of a drug to treat a disease that afflicts far fewer people (e.g., hemophilia), it is unlikely that DTC advertising would be used because of the high cost of reaching the relatively small number of people in that market. Sheffet et al, (1990) The stage of the PLC will also influence the likelihood that a firm will participate in DTC advertising. In a mature product category, a function of advertising is to allow a firm to differentiate its product from competing brands. Early in the PLC, advertising is more likely to increase the relative size of the total market. A unique characteristic of the prescription drug industry is that the stages of the PLC are significantly dictated by the patent structure. A firm whose brand is protected by a patent has a greater incentive to increase the total market size than a firm whose product is competing in a stable, mature market. Sheffet et al, (1990) The nature of the disease and the frequency of treatment will also affect the attractiveness of DTC advertising for a particular drug. For example, a disease that requires constant long-term medication (e.g., Dilantin for epilepsy), will have the same patient population in the market for years. Sheffet et al, (1990) 2.4 The role of DTC advertising in the healthcare system.. 2.4.1 push/pull strategic mix:.. The introduction of DTC advertising brought the consumer into the brand stimulation equation, eroding some of the physicians market control and giving prescription drug manufacturers more control of the marketplace. Where once the manufacturer was at the total mercy of the physician, DTC advertising put the prescription drug manufacturer in a position to exert some influence in the patient-doctor relationship. Becker et al, (2005) pharmaceutical industry has traditionally used a push strategy to promote their products but report that there has been a break from this traditional push strategy to a more aggressive pull strategy. Parker et al, (2003) Therefore, pharmaceutical companies advertising shifted from a push promotion strategy to a combination of a push/pull strategic mix. Becker et al, (2005) 2.4.2 Doctor-Patient Relationship. During the past two decades, there has been an irreversible change in the nature of the doctor-patient relationship. Patients are seeking much more medical information and are actively participating in decisions affecting their health. Wolfe (2002) in terms of the impacts on doctor-patient relationships, on the positive side, Peyrot, Alperstein, Van Doren, and Poli (1998) found that media exposure and awareness of DTCA appeared to be associated with higher consumer drug knowledge and greater levels of discussion with physicians regarding treatment, this leading to strengthening of the relationship between doctor and patients (Bonaccorso and Sturchio, 2002). Reast et al, (2008) Conversely, Mechanic (1996), in line with prior research by Perri and Nelson (1987), took the position that the relationship between doctor and patient would be undermined by the increasing consumerization of the doctor-patient relationship, and various studies have pointed to potential conflicts in the relationship between doctor and patient, with undue pressure on doctors to prescribe advertised drugs (Foley and Gross, 2000; Mintzes et al, 2002; Prince, 2003), and patients considering switching doctors if specific drug requests are denied (Kravitz, 2000). Reast et al, (2008) The irritation felt by many physicians when patients approach them after seeing a direct-to-consumer advertisement may derive from the fact that such advertisements, with their powerful, emotion-arousing images and frequently unbalanced information on safety and effectiveness, mislead patients into believing that drugs are better than they actually are. Wolfe (2002) This puts physicians in a quandary, facing 3 conflicting ethical obligations. First, physicians aim to do no harm. Second, physicians seek to maintain and develop a strong doctor-patient relationship because it enhances future care and health outcomes, in addition to patient satisfaction. Third, physicians have a duty to ensure fair allocation of health care resources and avoid wasteful expenditure. Murray et al, (2003) We found that physicians find responding to inappropriate requests time-consuming and that they often seem to acquiesce to such requests as long as the patient is not harmed. Furthermore, more doctors perceive the effect on the relationship as beneficial than harmful, but this is dependent on physicians doing what the patient wants. Murray et al, (2003) DTCA can have good and bad effects on quality of care, the doctor-patient relationship, and health service utilization. The benefits might be maximized, and the harms minimized, by increasing the accuracy of information in advertisements; enhancing physicians communication and negotiation skills; and encouraging patients to respect physicians clinical expertise. Murray et al, (2003) 2.4.3 Do Ads Really Drive Pharmaceutical Sales?. The reviewed research finds that DTCA leads to increased demand for the advertised drug. Atherly and Rubin (2009) Evidence suggests that direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs increases pharmaceutical sales and helps to avert underuse of medicines and leads to potential overuse. Donohue, Cevasco and Rosenthal (2007) 2.5 Overview of the global doctors` attitude toward DTCA Increasingly consistent US, New Zealand and UK medical opinion While a USA study prior to the boom in DTCA had found that physicians were broadly supportive of advertising to consumers (Petroshius et al. 1995), more recent evidence with very few contradictions now suggests that many USA physicians are unhappy with DTCA (Reast et al., 2004). The picture within New Zealand, on balance, cautiously supported the continuation of DTC advertising (Reast et al., 2004). UK physicians also as mentioned by Reast et al., (2004) opposed to the introduction of DTCA, which they feel is unethical, and is likely to have various negative impacts. Concern was expressed about DTCA causing damage to physicians` relationship with pharmaceutical companies, and perhaps more importantly, damage to their relationship with patients (Reast et al., 2004). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.5.1 The USA Situation Medical opinion towards DTC within the USA, having apparently been quite supportive prior to the rapid expansion of DTC in the mid- 1990s (Petroshius et al. 1995), appears now to be hardening. A US study, published in the Journal of Family Practice in 1997, found that 80% of surveyed members of the American Academy of Family Physicians believed that DTC was not a good idea and 84% expressed negative feelings about television DTC advertising (Mitka 2003). In contrast, the FDA study, a survey of 500 general practitioners (GPs) and hospital doctors, found a much more positive view of DTC advertising, whereby 37% said the overall impact of DTC advertising on their patients and practice had a somewhat positive effect, 28% said that there was no effect at all, and 27% said that DTC advertising had a somewhat negative effect. Only 3% felt it had a very positive effect and 5% said it had a very negative effect (Thomaselli 2003). Reast et al, (2004) There have been a substantial number of published studies on DTCA in the USA. These include a Harvard Medical School report by Weissman et al. (2004). This national study of 643 physicians on events where patients discussed advertised drugs found both positive and negative effects on patients and physician practices. Positive effects were: improved communication (67%), patient education (70%) and improved compliance (46%). Negative effects included: patients led to seek unnecessary treatments (80%) and a perceived lack of balance in risk/benefits (80%). Auton and Frank (2006) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.5.2 The New Zealand and Australia Situation In New Zealand also, opposition to DTC remains high among physicians, with recent high-profile reports from New Zealands top medical schools condemning the practice (Scrip 2003). Reast et al, (2004) Despite this, a review of physician opinion conducted by the New Zealand Ministry of Health in 2001 (Hoek Gendall 2002) found that doctors` groups acknowledged both the benefits and issues associated with DTC advertising. A qualitative research study conducted in New Zealand by Maubach and Hoek (2005) suggests that doctors views are complex. Doctors were found to have serious concerns about DTCA but also saw some benefits from it. Respondents viewed favourably DTCAs ability to increase awareness of certain medical conditions. However, there were concerns about the poor level of information provided and many doctors spent time dispelling incorrect patient perceptions. There was also concern that risk information was not felt to be balanced. The majority did not support a ban on DTCA but nearly all considered that stricter regulation was required. Auton and Frank (2006) A study of attitudes towards DTCA in Australia by Miller and Waller (2004) found that four factors were important: information, quality, credibility and price. Auton and Frank (2006) DTCA is banned in Australia but the pharmaceutical industry is still lobbying to have the ban lifted, despite the strong opposition of doctors and consumer groups. Auton and Frank (2006) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.5.3 The European Situation .. There is little published quantitative research concerning the attitudes towards DTC of European health professionals, but Reast and Carson (2000) conducted a rare survey into UK physician opinion towards DTC soon after the start of generic see your doctor campaigns in Europe, in 1999. The exploratory study of 68 GPs and hospital doctors, a partial replication of the USA study by Petroshius et al. (1995), found UK physicians highly opposed to the concept and likely impacts of DTC advertising, 62% disagreeing with the ethics of DTC advertising, and 72% opposing the introduction of DTC advertising in Europe. Seeing certain benefits of a limited introduction of DTC communication, the European Commission presented plans to the European Parliament in November 2002, allowing further information on three chronic disease conditions (Aids, diabetes, and asthma) to pass directly to consumers. While the European Commission plans were rejected, educational see your doctor campaigns, carrying the manufacturers name and logo, but not the product brand name, are still allowed. Reast et al, (2004) In the UK disease-awareness campaigns are being mounted by pharmaceutical companies in conjunction with patient organisations through sponsorship and grants which recognises UK and EU law prohibiting pharmaceutical companies undertaking activity which is deemed to be promoting a prescription-only medicine to the public. Auton and Frank (2006) Pfizer launched a  £30 million Europe-wide male impotence disease-awareness campaign, including sponsorship of a St Valentine.s Day radio and press campaign, in conjunction with the Impotence Association. Reast et al, (2004) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 2.5.4 The Middle East Situation .. Actually, after a lot of research, I did not find any articles talk about DTCA in Middle East. DTCA is banned in Australia but the pharmaceutical industry is still lobbying to have the ban lifted, despite the strong opposition of doctors and consumer groups. Auton and Frank (2006) There is little published quantitative research concerning the attitudes towards DTC of European health professionals, but Reast and Carson (2000) conducted a rare survey into UK physician opinion towards DTC soon after the start of generic see your doctor campaigns in Europe, in 1999. 2.6 Critical views of doctors attitudes towards DTCA . Recent surveys of physicians indicate that even though many still oppose the practice of DTCA in general, they also point to some positive effects. Donohue and Julie (2006) 2.6.1 Why DTCA is viewed as positive by doctors? . Supporters claim that DTC advertising has an educational value. It may cause consumers to seek advice on diseases or problems that have been previously undiagnosed, thus creating a more informed consumer (Parker et al, 2003). In addition, it can play an important role in improving healthcare by giving consumers the information they need to discuss medical symptoms and treatment options with their doctors. Becker et al, (2005) Moreover, DTCA is necessary to provide pharmaceutical firms with an incentive to develop prescription drugs to treat new ailments, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), or more effective treatments for established ailments and conditions. Research and development costs are high, but pharmaceutical firms have only a limited amount of time in which their prescription drugs are patent-protected. As regulatory approval times have lengthened, the amount of time that pharmaceutical firms have to recoup their research and development costs before being faced with competition from generic versions of their drugs has decreased (Meek 2001). Therefore, pharmaceutical firms believe that creating consumer awareness of patent-protected prescription drugs is the quickest way to increase sales. Main et al, (2004) Supporters further claim that DTC advertising will lead to improved products and lower prices as pharmaceutical firms compete for consumer patronage in the open market. In this view, more knowledgeable consumers will select the best treatment available; thus, bans on DTC advertising deprive consumers of information needed to make the best choice (Meek 2001). Main et al, (2004) Furthermore, as mentioned by Auton and Frank (2006), a national study of 643 physicians found positive effects were: improved communication (67%), patient education (70%) and improved compliance (46%). Finally, to summarize the benefits of DTCA, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) in 2005 announced approval of new industry guidelines for DTC advertising. The fourteen principles outlined in these guidelines are based on the premise that: DTC advertising of prescription medicines can benefit the public health by increasing awareness about diseases, educating patients about treatment options, motivating patients to contact their physicians and engage in a dialogue about health concerns, increasing the likelihood that patients will receive appropriate care for conditions that are frequently under-diagnosed and under-treated, and encouraging compliance with prescription drug treatment regimens. Royne and Myers (2008) 2.6.2 Why DTCA is viewed as negative by doctors? . Critics of DTC advertising maintain that prescription drugs differ from other products and, therefore, should not be advertised in a similar way to increase consumption. Instead of being sold to increase profits, prescription drugs should be sold only when a doctor believes the medication will be the best way to reduce a patients suffering (Findlay 2001). In addition, DTCA intrudes into the doctor-patient relationship and confuses patients by representing promotional messages as educational (Wolfe 2002). Further, opponents believe that DTC advertising increases demand for more expensive medications and medicalizes normal human experience (Mintzes 2002), rather than providing consumers with information needed to make better health-care decisions. Critics also contend that the increase in patient requests for advertised medications (Peyrot et al. 1998) leads to preference toward branded, advertised prescriptions over more affordable and effective treatments (Dyer 2002; Findlay 2002). Some also argue that such advertising is inappropriate because patients are not in a position to diagnose conditions or judge the relative safety, effectiveness and appropriateness of alternative treatments. This practice can lead to prescription drug misuse and abuse (Becker et al, 2005). In addition, evidence on clinical outcomes is often inadequate when drugs first come on to the market, at times leading to false impressions. COX 2 inhibitors (Vioxx), for example, were widely believed to be safer than other non-steroidal anti-inflammatories when first launched. An assessment of the full experience of serious adverse events in comparative trials suggests the contrary. Mintzes and Barbara (2002)

The Use of First Person Narration in The Cask of Amontillado Essay

The Use of First Person Narration in The Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allen Poe’s tale of murder and revenge, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, offers a unique perspective into the mind of a deranged murderer. The effectiveness of the story is largely due to its first person point of view, which allows the reader a deeper involvement into the thoughts and motivations of the protagonist, Montresor. The first person narration results in an unbalanced viewpoint on the central conflict of the story, man versus man, because the reader knows very little about the thoughts of the antagonist, Fortunato. The setting of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, in the dark catacombs of Montresor’s wine cellar, contributes to the story’s theme that some people will go to great lengths to fanatically defend their honor. Because Montresor narrates the story in the first person, the reader is able to perceive his thoughts and understand his motivations and justifications for his ruthless murder in a manner which a third person point of view would not allow. Montresor’s personal narration of the events of the story does not justify his crime in the audience’s eyes, but it does offer a unique opportunity for the audience to view a murder from the perspective of a madman killer. It is Poe’s usage of this unique angle that causes the story to be so captivating and gruesomely fascinating. As the story opens, Montresor explains why it is necessary that he â€Å"not only punish but punish with impunity† to avenge for Fortunado’s insult to him. This justification for his crime is a piece of information that the audience is able to learn only because they are permitted inside the mind of the protagonist. In the final scene, when Montresor is carrying out his murder pl.. . ...ause this statement reveals Montresor’s satisfaction in his belief that justice has been served through his actions when he has actually removed a body from its resting place in order to replace it with a live one. Edgar Allen Poe’s gruesomely fascinating tale of vengeance and murder, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, achieves its effect only through its usage of the first person point of view. This unusual perspective enables the reader to view the characters and conflicts through the eyes of the narrator, as he first discusses and justifies, and eventually, carries out his plans for the ruthless murder of his friend. The eerie tone and disorienting and materialistically-related setting of the story contribute to its theme of defending one’s honor and name and avenging all wrongdoings, even something so small as an insult.

My Diary Essays -- essays papers

My Diary October 11, 1950 I found the diary of my girlhood journey and new life in America yesterday. I feel that the story and lesson I learned from it are priceless and should be told; therefore I am publishing this collection of deep innermost thoughts from my youth for you to read and enjoy. It is my hope that you can look at your life and realize all the things there are to be thankful for. It seems like just yesterday I was first coming to America. I can still clearly feel the wonder and astonishment that rushed through my body that day at the sight of America. The tall buildings aligned with the horizon welcomed me to my new home. All I could manage to utter was, "There it is! This is it." My mouth gaped open in amazement and a chilly wind whipped through my hair as I set eyes upon the beginning of the rest of my life. There it stood beckoning to me, Ellis Island. It was my first stop in America. I heard all about America from my father, who had already visited once. He told me of the different clothing styles, big cities, bigger buildings, free education, and unusual foods. Soon I would experience all this on my own. My parents' decision to bring my sister and I to America back in 1899 was based upon bettering our lives and pure adventure. We had everything in Germany, but back then everyone wanted to be American. My sister and I could receive free education here. There wasn't much education available in Germany at the time, and what there was cost a great deal. In America education was free. October 18, 1900 My first stop in America was at a place called Ellis Island. All of the immigrants have to stop there first before being considered a real American. While there, I saw no two people that looked a like. Everyone spoke different languages. It was hard to communicate with some people. Luckily, my sister, Emily, and I speak some English, and we'll learn even more once we start school. After the brief registration at Ellis Island, Dad took us straight to our new dwelling. I was hoping it would be spacious and clean, just like our old house, but it wasn't. It wasn't a house like I was used to, but what they call tenement housing. It's a small apartment, with only two rooms. I don't even get my own bedroom. ... ...ted the furniture shop from Dad, and it's still open today. My parents were very happy at the success of their two children. I completed school, married, and later became a writer. Emily also completed school and married. She became an English teacher. Emily died at the tender age of 24 during childbirth. I miss my family dearly. Looking back on those months of my life when we first arrived in America, I only now realize how much I learned. I can now see how selfish and inconsiderate I was to my family. I was self-centered, but I didn't realize it at the time. Dad was having problems supporting his family, but I was worried about not having a new dress or toy. Both of my parents made the best life possible for Emily and I with what little they had. They sacrificed the certain life they once knew in Germany to come to an unknown country with no idea what the future would hold for them, just so my sister and I could better our lives. I didn't learn this lesson until I went to school and experienced my own struggles. I realized how hard it is to survive and support myself let alone a family. I can never show enough appreciation to my parents for what they did for Emily and I.

No Dogs Allowed Essay

1. Who benefits from the construction of the park? How should the park be distributed? What feedback will the citizens reciprocate? Will management of the park promote progress and inspire future projects? 2. The town would likely need all factors of production; raw materials, human labor, and machinery to construct and maintain the park. 3. The town’s resources are limited. The land value is priced around $125,000 per acre. Limited resources include natural resources, raw material, renewable resources, and actual resources. 4. The consumers using the park will probably be pet owners. 7,000 residents, whom own dogs, are currently registered by the town council. 5. The benefit forgone is the benefit of constructing a dog park. The gross benefit of having the park built is $125,000 per acre; so the net benefit is $625,000. The opportunity cost of not building the park is $3,625,000. Despite holding the largest sum of money, the alternate decision to not build the park leaves les s space and recreation. The majority of residents in town are registered pet owners. Leaving the land undeveloped will waste the opportunity to provide the citizens with free recreation. The only local park that exists in town is not pet-friendly. On the other hand, limiting open space eliminates the burden of management and developing infrastructure. Selling the land to real estate developers to build homes benefits the luxury develops and possible buyers. However, selling the land does nothing to help with the current repairs of the school. This decision might even upset the citizens who want a recreational park instead of a dog park. There is little space available from the natural environment. Market failures depend on the distribution of the goods. Possible market failures could stem from underinvestment and non-excludability. There are always gains and losses when a public good/service is exchanged. The possible externalities that may produce if the park is built could include noise pollution and visual pollution. The cost used to produce landscape architecture may also exceed the private cost. The town’s government could substitute some decisions for an environmentally appropriate solution. As the town council already suggested, charging a yearly fee to citizens that use the park. Littering and polluting will result in a double-fee. Lisa Mullinax, a certified professional dog trainer, fondly remembers taking her canine pal to the park for the first time. She gripped the leash and wandered into the crowd, toward the jubilant cries of a playful pup. Her giddy companion was bound up with energy; she needed to run free amongst the others. â€Å"It dramatically improved our bond,† says Mullinax, now teaching group class seminars at 4Paws University. As pointed out above, the lack of recreational dog parks is detrimental because it encourages urbanism over environmentalism. Martinsville has little space for forty new luxury townhouses. The decision to construct a recreational dog park for 7000 of the 100,000 residents implements competitive market equilibrium. With no negative or positive externalities, the consumers and producers are able to benefit from economical efficiency. Dedicating at least one park to the pet owners enables private benefit. The residents may be considered free-riders at the behest of ur banites. Comparatively, Martinsville is a flourishing town. The recent developments are highly valued and consumers are offered great public services. Even local gyms and country clubs provide recreational opportunities. With a budget surplus, the town can afford the proposal cost, as well as any externalities. However, eliminating an externality is not economically beneficial. With exclusive property rights, comes responsibility. It is a pet owner’s responsibility to ensure the park is clean and manageable. These are the private costs borne of the producers and handled by society at large. The social cost represents the total sum of production, including externalities and privacy costs. Hence, the exclusive right to pet owners in the park privately benefits them. The lack of dog parks reduces opportunity cost; whilst an increase in constructing these parks greatly influences a more holistic view of a company. Not only does the surrounding environment become included in business operations, but ecosystem services as well! Unlike the negative externalities an industrial  park may produce (pollution); dog parks are essential ly eco-friendly. The proposed location is only slightly wooded and would not require much management. The majority of the townsfolk would likely use the park for its private benefits.